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This keeps the network constantly updated and adds resilience to failures or attacks. Therefore, the knowledge that a node has of the network is very dynamic.
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Every node encountered will be considered for inclusion in the lists. This includes store and retrieval operations and even helping other nodes to find a key. With an ID of 128 bits, every node in the network will classify other nodes in one of 128 different distances, one specific distance per bit.Īs nodes are encountered on the network, they are added to the lists. The next list can use only 1/4 of the nodes in the network (one bit closer than the first), etc. This means that it is very easy to populate the first list as 1/2 of the nodes in the network are far away candidates. Nodes that can go in the n th list must have a differing n th bit from the node's ID the first n-1 bits of the candidate ID must match those of the node's ID. Every list corresponds to a specific distance from the node. The data in each list entry is typically the IP address, port, and node ID of another node. Every entry in a list holds the necessary data to locate another node. if a node ID consists of 128 bits, a node will keep 128 such lists.) A list has many entries. Kademlia routing tables consist of a list for each bit of the node ID (e.g. An actual Kademlia implementation does not have a fixed-size routing table, but a dynamically-sized one. This section is simplified to use a single bit see #Accelerated lookups for more information on real routing tables.įixed-size routing tables were presented in the pre-proceedings version of the original paper and are used in the later version only for some mathematical proofs. This is very efficient: like many other DHTs, Kademlia contacts only O ( log ( n ) ) steps (in the worst case) to find that node. Each step will find nodes that are closer to the key until the contacted node returns the value or no more closer nodes are found.
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In order to look up the value associated with a given key, the algorithm explores the network in several steps. In fact, the node ID provides a direct map to file hashes and that node stores information on where to obtain the file or resource. The node ID serves not only as identification, but the Kademlia algorithm uses the node ID to locate values (usually file hashes or keywords). Each node is identified by a number or node ID. A virtual or overlay network is formed by the participant nodes. Kademlia nodes communicate among themselves using UDP. It specifies the structure of the network and the exchange of information through node lookups. Kademlia is a distributed hash table for decentralized peer-to-peer computer networks designed by Petar Maymounkov and David Mazières in 2002.